The $\text{Arrhenius}$ $\text{Definitions}$ 💡
The $\text{Arrhenius}$ definitions categorize substances based on how they ionize (break apart) when dissolved in $\text{water}$ ($\text{H}_2\text{O}$).
$\text{Acid}$
A substance that produces $\text{Hydrogen}$ $\text{ions}$ ($\text{H}^+$) when dissolved in water.
$$\text{Example}: \text{HCl} (aq) \longrightarrow \text{H}^{+} (aq) + \text{Cl}^{-} (aq)$$
$\text{Base}$ ($\text{Alkali}$)
A substance that produces $\text{Hydroxide}$ $\text{ions}$ ($\text{OH}^-$) when dissolved in water.
$$\text{Example}: \text{NaOH} (aq) \longrightarrow \text{Na}^{+} (aq) + \text{OH}^{-} (aq)$$
The $\text{pH}$ $\text{Scale}$ and $\text{Ion}$ $\text{Concentration}$ 🧪
The **$\text{pH}$ $\text{Scale}$** measures the $\text{acidity}$ or $\text{basicity}$ of a solution based on the concentration of $\text{Hydrogen}$ $\text{ions}$ ($\text{H}^+$).
The $\text{pH}$ $\text{Formula}$
The concentration of $\text{H}^+$ ions is measured using the formula:
$$\text{pH} = -\text{log} [\text{H}^+]$$where $[\text{H}^+]$ is the $\text{molar}$ $\text{concentration}$ of $\text{Hydrogen}$ $\text{ions}$.
Acidic $\text{Solutions}$
$\text{pH}$ **less** than 7. Have a $\text{higher}$ concentration of $\text{H}^+$ than $\text{OH}^-$.
Basic ($\text{Alkaline}$) $\text{Solutions}$
$\text{pH}$ **greater** than 7. Have a $\text{higher}$ concentration of $\text{OH}^-$ than $\text{H}^+$.
The $\text{pH}$ $\text{Scale}$:
Neutralization $\text{and}$ $\text{Salts}$ 💧
A **$\text{Neutralization}$ $\text{Reaction}$** is a type of $\text{double}$ $\text{replacement}$ reaction between an $\text{Acid}$ and a $\text{Base}$. The products are always a **$\text{Salt}$** and **$\text{Water}$**.
The $\text{General}$ $\text{Equation}$
$$\text{Acid} + \text{Base} \longrightarrow \text{Salt} + \text{Water}$$$\text{Example}: \text{HCl} + \text{NaOH} \longrightarrow \text{NaCl} + \text{H}_2\text{O}$
In this example, $\text{NaCl}$ ($\text{Sodium}$ $\text{Chloride}$) is the $\text{Salt}$. A $\text{Salt}$ is an $\text{ionic}$ compound formed from the $\text{cation}$ of the $\text{base}$ and the $\text{anion}$ of the $\text{acid}$.
⚡ $\text{Classification}$ $\text{Challenge}$!
Classify the following substance/description as an $\text{Acid}$, $\text{Base}$, $\text{Salt}$, or $\text{Neutral}$ (click the correct tile).
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